{"id":2088,"date":"2026-05-17T20:59:41","date_gmt":"2026-05-17T18:59:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/al-sabhany.com\/?p=2088"},"modified":"2026-05-17T22:54:44","modified_gmt":"2026-05-17T20:54:44","slug":"why-was-frank-knight-absent-from-the-behaviorists-carnival","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/al-sabhany.com\/en\/why-was-frank-knight-absent-from-the-behaviorists-carnival\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0628 (\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u061f!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 (\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b (Bounded Rationality). \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Heuristics). \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 (\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 &#8220;\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a&#8221; (Judgment)\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (Overconfidence) \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c!!.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 (\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647\u0627 (\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b) \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u061b \u0641\u064a\u0636\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f (\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0652\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0646\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u064a\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 (\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0643\u062f\u0647\u0627 (\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0633\u062a\u062d\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0624\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 (Prospect Theory) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a) \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u061b \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 (0.0001) \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (0.01) \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 (\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 (Risk) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0643\u062f (Uncertainty) \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 (\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a) \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0643\u062f\u061b \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 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\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-2-color\">Abduljabbar Al-Sabhany<br>For translation, use, or republication<br>Citation of the source is required:<br>al-sabhany.com<br>17\/5\/2026<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646. 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