{"id":2120,"date":"2026-08-11T21:09:41","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T19:09:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/al-sabhany.com\/?p=2120"},"modified":"2026-08-11T21:32:16","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T19:32:16","slug":"usury-its-institutionalization-and-economic-effects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/al-sabhany.com\/en\/usury-its-institutionalization-and-economic-effects\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u061b \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629<br>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<br>\u0641\u064a 6\/8\/2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.qu.edu.qa\/index.php\/sharia\/article\/view\/4329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/journals.qu.edu.qa\/index.php\/sharia\/article\/view\/4329<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 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\u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><a>(<\/a>Jackson and Dyson, 77-79) (Faure, 112-114) (Mishkin, 395).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/strong><br>\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0639 (100) \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0647\u064a (10%)\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (10) \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0636 (90) \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0640 (90) \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (9) \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0640 (81) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0635\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a: (100 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c 90 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 81 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b)\u061b \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0635\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 (271) \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a (100) \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 (171). \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (1000) \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0626\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a) \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a)<strong> \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0645 <\/strong>\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b (McLeay et al., 2014: 16)\u061b \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 (\u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636) \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f (Faure, 2013: 124)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633.<br>&nbsp;(Jackson &amp; Dyson, 80-83\/ What is Money, 108)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 (Werner, 2014, 71)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/strong><br>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(1) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 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href=\"https:\/\/al-sabhany.com\/en\/research\/money_as_it_should_be_in_an_islamic_system-pdf\/\">https:\/\/al-sabhany.com\/research\/money_as_it_should_be_in_an_islamic_system-pdf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(8)<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/al-sabhany.com\/en\/effects-of-interest-financing\/\">https:\/\/al-sabhany.com\/effects-of-interest-financing\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(9)<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 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\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 (2008)\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.alukah.net\/culture\/0\/3746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.alukah.net\/culture\/0\/3746<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0628\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 Vincent Beaufils:<\/strong><br>\u0643\u062a\u0628 (\u0628\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646) \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 (\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0632) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u061f)\u061b \u0646\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0636 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0621\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0621\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645!!.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646 Roland Laskine:<\/strong><br>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062f\u062f (\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646) \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 (\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0633) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: &#8220;\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u0644\u062a (\u0648\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062a) \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061f&#8221; \u0646\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0628\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0634\u062f\u062f <strong>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0634\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623: &#8220;\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0643&#8221; \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(10)<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u061f!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d: &#8220;\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064f \u0633\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0646\u062a\u064f\u0645 \u0645\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 &#8230; \u0644\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0650\u0642\u0652 \u0630\u064f\u0648 \u0633\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0633\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0650 &#8230;&#8221; (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642: 6\u060c 7)\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 &nbsp;\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0643 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; float:left\" class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">\n <ul style=\"direction:ltr; text-align:left; float:left\">\n <li>Congressional Research Service, April 13, 2020, No. IN11330. Labonte, Marc, Federal Reserve: Monetary Policy Actions in Response to COVID-19.\n <\/li><li>Faure, AP. Money Creation, An Introduction, Quoin Institute (Pty) Limited &amp; bookboon.com, 2013.\n <\/li><li>Jackson, Andrew and Dyson, Ben. Modernizing Money: Why Our Monetary System is Broken and How It Can Be Fixed. Positive Money Movement, London, UK, 2012\n <\/li><li>McLeay, Michael; Radia, Amar and Thomas, Ryland. Money creation in the modern economy, Bank of England, London, Quarterly Bulletin 2014, Q1.\n <\/li><li>Mishkin, Frederic S. The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition, PEARSON: Pearson Education Limited, 2016.\n <\/li><li>Werner, Richard A.&nbsp; How do banks create money, and why can other firms not do the same? An explanation for the coexistence of lending and deposit-taking, International Review of Financial Analysis 36 (2014).\n <\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &quot;\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u061b \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629&quot;\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nOAmgVLG3eQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u064a &#8230; \u0623\u0632\u062f\u0643 (\u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b).<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0636\u064a &#8230; \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u061b \u062a\u0633\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 (\u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621).<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2148,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[25,24,22,21,23],"class_list":["post-2120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-17","tag-interest","tag-usury","tag-22","tag-21","tag-23"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u061b \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0647 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